Hever Castle is famous for growing roses. It has more than 4,000 of them.
So I asked head gardener, Neil Miller for his best tips on growing roses in our own middle-sized gardens.
Hever Castle is best known as the childhood home of Anne Boleyn, Henry VIII’s fated second wife. It’s believed he first saw her in her father’s garden at Hever. There is no trace left of those gardens, however.
The current gardens were created at vast expense by ‘America’s richest man’, William Waldorf Astor, who moved to Britain and bought Hever Castle in 1903. He spent a million pounds on the gardens, which would be worth around £110 million today. This included a man-made lake, which took 800 men two years to dig out.
He built a huge orangery, with classical pillars. Today this is a rose garden, open to the elements. A pretty pink rambling rose called ‘American Pillar’ twines itself round the classical columns that once held up the glass roof.
More roses, grapevines and wisteria line walkways and colonnades, flanked by Astor’s collection of statuary. Hever Castle is now available to hire as a venue, with the gardens and lake open to the public plus a small hotel and golf course.
How to choose roses for our own gardens
Neil says that the first thing to consider is where the rose is going to go, because that will affect your decision more than anything.
Then ask yourself if that spot is shady or sunny.
And do you want a rose going up a wall or a pergola? If so, you have to decide between a climber and a rambling rose.
A climber has large single flowers on stems which you can train against a wall. Many climbers are repeat flowerers.
A rambling rose is often very vigorous, with clusters of small flowers. Check how big it’s likely to grow as some can cover huge distances. Ramblers usually only flower once, for a few weeks a year.
The colonnades and walkways at Hever Castle are lined with roses, wisteria and other vines.
Do your research…
Neil suggests buying roses directly from growers by visiting or contacting a nursery near you. ‘Many people just go to a garden centre and pick up a rose they like the look of,’ he says. ‘But if you visit the nursery, you can talk to a the grower about what plant would be best for you.’
Online plant sales also often classify plants by situation, such as ‘Roses ideal for shady areas’ (David Austin Roses) or ‘perfect roses for small gardens’ (Peter Beales).
Neil also suggests looking at gardens in your area and seeing what grows well.
Growing roses in pots – which are best?
Neil says that most roses grow well in pots. ‘You wouldn’t want to choose a climbing or a rambling rose, of course,’ he says. ‘But most other roses will do well. The more formal roses, such as the hybrid teas and the floribundas, are particularly suitable for pots.’
Neil says that most roses will do well in pots. The ‘more formal’ roses, such as hybrid teas and floribundas work particularly well.
The pot is the most important choice when growing roses in pots, he says. ‘Plant in a terracotta pot, because terracotta breathes and absorbs moisture. In a hot summer, a plastic pot may heat up too much and scorch the roots.’
What is the difference between a hybrid tea and a floribunda?
You can recognise a hybrid tea rose, because it has a large single bloom on a stem, says Neil. They’re quite upright and are the roses most commonly associated with formal rose gardens.
‘A floribunda – I think it’s now referred to as a multi-cluster rose – is a rose which has a group of roses at the end of the stem and they’re usually much smaller.’
The rose in the foreground is Belle Epoque, a hybrid tea. It has a large flower on a single stem.
Once you start growing roses, you’ll discover many other rose types, such as ‘English roses’, China roses, Bourbon roses and miniature roses.
Can you move a rose?
Yes, says Neil. You can move a rose, but only in the dormant season in winter when its leaves are off. The less time the rose has been established, the easier it will be to move successfully.
If a rose is older or very well established, moving it may be less successful. Do it in the dormant season, when it has lost its leaves and make sure to take as much of its fibrous root system as possible.
Some of the roses at Hever Castle, like these ramblers, have been there for decades. So moving them would be ‘a bit hit and miss’. But if you’ve recently planted a rose in the wrong place, you should have no trouble moving it, provided you do it in winter when the leaves are off it.
How do I find out which rose I have?
So many of us move into a house with a garden which already has roses growing in the garden. So how do we find out which rose it is?
Neil advises observing it for the first year. Don’t rush in to take it out or move it. ‘Look at how it grows and what its flowers are like.’
There are many ways of identifying a flower. If you use social media, then post a photo of it on Twitter or join a gardening group on Facebook.
There are plant identification apps and the RHS also offers gardening advice to members.
Why is my rose not flowering?
Growing roses is easy, but there are a few mistakes you can make.
If your rose isn’t flowering, you’ve probably pruned it too late, says Neil. ‘Roses flower on this year’s growth, so if you prune your rose too late, you may cut off the flowering stems.’
Prune roses when they are dormant, in the winter, when all the leaves are off. That’s December to February in the Northern hemisphere and June-August in the Southern hemisphere.
The other main reason for not flowering is that roses need more feeding and fertiliser than most plants. ‘Roses are very hungry plants,’ says Neil.
How to dead head roses
If you want your roses to flower over and over again, then you need to dead head them regularly.
Neil dead heads single blooms slightly differently from multi-cluster floribunda roses.
‘Use clean, sharp secateurs and cut a single bloom down to just above the next leaf axis,’ he says. Some gardeners cut just above the first leaf axis that has a five leaves as opposed to three, but Neil doesn’t think that is important.
For multi-cluster roses, Neil advises you to cut further down the stem. He typically cuts above a leaf axis quite far down the stem, sometimes almost halving the length of the stem. This keeps the bush looking neat, too.
Personally, I use shears…
I have multi-cluster roses in rows and I clip them back with shears. Last year I carried out an experiment. I cut one side back with secateurs, paying attention to each individual stem. The other side was clipped with shears.
The side I cut with secateurs flowered again earlier. But both sides flowered well, so it’s a question of what you prefer.
How to feed your roses
At Hever, Neil gives all the roses two high energy special purpose feeds a year. ‘We add one in early spring after pruning, and the other in July or August after we’ve dead headed the roses. We also add a slow release fertiliser to the soil.
And he also adds well rotted garden manure around each plant once a year, usually in autumn. ‘Don’t let it touch the plant or it can scorch. And don’t dig it in – the worms and micro-organisms will do that.’
Roses are hungry plants. They will need feeding twice a year, plus well rotted manure on the soil once a year.
This has really shown me how important feeding roses is. I don’t need the kind of high performance that a publicly acclaimed rose garden has, but I can see that I haven’t really been feeding and fertilising my roses enough. And that’s probably why they look straggly sometimes.
Why have my rose leaves gone yellow or have black spots?
Neil says that yellowing leaves are probably a sign your rose needs more fertiliser or feeding.
Black spots are a fungal disease. ‘It doesn’t harm the rose but it looks unsightly,’ he says. Don’t compost the black spot leaves. You can use an anti-fungal rose spray or just live with it.
At Hever Castle, anti-fungal rose sprays are the only chemical treatments they use.
Yellow leaves mean you should give your rose some fertiliser. Black spots are a fungal disease. Many modern roses are bred to be more resistant to black spot.
Which plants go best with roses?
Neil says that roses work well with most plants in herbaceous borders. ‘Think about the height of the plant – I think the rose is the star of the show, so you don’t want it to be hidden by taller plants.’
There are shrub roses and standard roses amongst the perennials in this herbaceous border at Hever Castle.
‘Some people grow companion plants. These are plants that pests, such as aphids prefer to roses. The theory is that they will settle on the companion plant, not the rose. ‘Marigolds and lavender work well, ‘ says Neil.
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